Terje Skjerdal Professor journalistikk, medier og kommunikasjon NLA Høgskolen Gimlekollen +4738901527 Send e-post Send e-post Kontor: Gimlekollen Se full profil i Cristin English Arbeidsfelt: {{field.description}} , Velg arbeidsfelter(Hold inn ctrl eller cmd for å velge flere kompetansefelt) Oppdater arbeidsfelt <p>Journalism. Global journalism. Press freedom. Political communication. Global communication. Ethiopia. Horn of Africa. East Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa.</p> FoU og publikasjoner Oppdater publikasjoner <p><strong>Academic articles, peer-reviewed</strong></p> <p> </p> <table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 485pt;" border="0" width="647" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><colgroup><col style="width: 60pt;" width="80" /> <col style="mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 20736; width: 425pt;" width="567" /> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td class="xl67" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2020</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl65" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p> </p> <p>Skjerdal, Terje and Sintayehu Gebru (2020) Not quite an echo chamber: Ethnic debate on Ethiopian Facebook pages during times of unrest. <span class="font6">Media, Culture & Society</span><span class="font5"> 42(3), pp. 365-379.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2020</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Kalyango, Yusuf, Folker Hanusch, Jyotika Ramaprasad, Terje Skjerdal, Mohd Safar Hasim, Nurhaya Muchtar, Mohammad Sahid Ullah, Levi Zeleza Manda and Sarah Bomkapre Kamara (2020) Journalists' development journalism role perceptions: Select countries in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. In Folker Hanusch (ed.), <span class="font6">Comparing journalistic cultures</span><span class="font5">, pp. 51-69. New York: Routledge.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2019</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Josephi, Beate, Folker Hanusch, Martin Oller Alonso, Ivor Shapiro, Kenneth Andresen, Arnold S. de Beer, Abit Hoxha, Sonia Virgínia Moreira, Kevin Rafter, Terje Skjerdal, Sergio Splendore, Edson C. Tandoc (2019) Profiles of journalists: Demographic and employment patterns. In Thomas Hanitzsch, Folker Hanusch, Jyotika Ramaprasad and Arnold S. de Beer (eds.), <span class="font6">Worlds of Journalism: Journalistic Cultures Around the Globe</span><span class="font5">, pp. 67-102. New York: Columbia University Press.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2019</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2019) Checkbook journalism/payment for coverage. In Tim P. Vos and Folker Hanusch (eds.), <span class="font6">The International Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies</span><span class="font5">. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. </span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2019</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Darbo, Karoline Nerdalen and Terje Skjerdal (2019) Blurred boundaries: Citizen journalists versus conventional journalists in Hong Kong. <span class="font6">Global Media and China</span><span class="font5"> 4(1), pp 111-124. </span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2018</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2018) Brown envelope journalism: Contradictions between ethical mindsets and unethical practices. In Hayes Mabweazara (ed.), <span class="font6">Newsmaking cultures in Africa: Normative trends in the dynamics of socio-political and economic struggles</span><span class="font5">, pp. 163-185. London: Palgrave Macmillan.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2017</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Kalyango, Yusuf, Folker Hanusch, Jyotika Ramaprasad, Terje Skjerdal, Mohd Safar Hasim, Nurhaya Muchtar, Mohammad Sahid Ullah, Levi Zeleza Manda and Sarah Bomkapre Kamara (2017) Journalists' development journalism role perceptions: Select countries in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. <span class="font6">Journalism Studies</span><span class="font5"> 18(5), pp. 576-594. (Also printed in anthology, 2020.) </span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2016</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2016) Professional perceptions among male and female journalists on the Horn of Africa: A quantitative study. <span class="font6">Journal of African Media Studies</span><span class="font5"> 8(3), pp. 305-318.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2016</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje and Hans-Olav Hodøl (2016) Tackling global learning in Nordic journalism education: The lasting influence of a fieldtrip. In Jan Fredrik Hovden, Gunnar Nygren and Henrika Zilliacus-Tikkanen (eds.), <span class="font6">Becoming a journalist: Journalism education in the Nordic countries</span><span class="font5">, pp. 225-240. Gothenburg: Nordicom.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2016</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje and Fufa Gusu (2016) Positive portrayal of Sino-African relations in the Ethiopian press. In Xiaoling Zhang, Herman Wasserman and Winston Mano (eds.), <span class="font6">China's media and soft power in Africa</span><span class="font5">, pp. 149-161. London: Palgrave Macmillan.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2016</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje and Keyan Tomaselli (2016) Trajectories of communication studies in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Peter Simonson and David W. Park (eds.), <span class="font6">The international history of communication study</span><span class="font5">, pp. 455-473. New York: Routledge.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2016</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2016) Why the Arab Spring never came to Ethiopia. In Bruce Mutsvairo (ed.), <span class="font6">Participatory politics and citizen journalism in a networked Africa: A connected continent</span><span class="font5">, pp. 77-89. London: Palgrave Macmillan.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2015</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Cochrane, Logan and Terje Skjerdal (2015) Reading the narratives: Relocation, investment and development in Ethiopia. <span class="font6">Forum for Development Studies</span><span class="font5"> 42(3), pp. 467-487.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2015</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2015) Why the 'African' still matters in African journalism studies. <span class="font6">African Journalism Studies </span><span class="font5">36(1), pp. 57-64.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2014</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2014) Online journalism under pressure: An Ethiopian account. In Hayes Mabweazara, Okoth Fred Mudhai and Jason Whittaker (eds.), <span class="font6">Online journalism in Africa: Trends, practices and emerging cultures</span><span class="font5">, pp. 89-103. New York: Routledge.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2013</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2013) Revealing the political bias in media content: Analysis of a documentary on Ethiopian state television. <span class="font6">African Journal of Communication</span><span class="font5"> 1(2), pp. 255-298. </span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2013</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2013) Selective liberalization: An analysis of media reform in an emerging democracy. In Anthony A. Olorunnisola and Aziz Douai (eds.), <span class="font6">New media influence on social and political change in Africa</span><span class="font5">, pp. 32-50. Hershey, PA: IGI Global. ISBN 978-1-466-64197-6.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 17;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2013</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2013) Three ambitions for media and communication research in East Africa. <span class="font6">African Journal of Communication</span><span class="font5"> 1(1), pp. 7-14.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 18;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2013</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2013) Development journalism revived: The case of Ethiopia. In Herman Wasserman (ed.), <span class="font6">Press freedom in Africa: Comparative perspectives</span><span class="font5">, pp. 67-83. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-53906-7.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 19;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2012</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2012) The three alternative journalisms of Africa. <span class="font6">International Communication Gazette</span><span class="font5"> 74(7), pp. 636-654. </span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 20;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2011</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2011) Teaching journalism or teaching African journalism? Experiences from foreign involvement in a journalism programme in Ethiopia. <span class="font6">Global Media Journal: African Edition</span><span class="font5"> 5(1), pp. 24-51.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 21;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2011</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Lodamo, Berhanu and Terje Skjerdal (2011) Gratifications et enveloppes dans le journalisme éthiopien. <span class="font6">Afrique Contemporaine</span><span class="font5"> 240, pp. 77-92.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 22;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2011</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2011) The Somali media and their peace-building potential. <span class="font6">Bildhaan - An International Journal of Somali Studies</span><span class="font5"> 11(1), pp. 27-50.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 23;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2011</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2011) Development journalism revived: The case of Ethiopia. <span class="font6">Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies</span><span class="font5"> 32(2), pp. 58-74. (Also printed in anthology, 2013.)</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 24;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2011</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2011) Journalists or activists? Self-identity in the Ethiopian diaspora online community. <span class="font6">Journalism</span><span class="font5"> 12(6), pp. 727-744. </span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 25;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2010</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2010) Research on brown envelope journalism in the African media. <span class="font6">African Communication Research</span><span class="font5"> 3(3), pp. 367-406.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 26;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2010</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2010) Justifying self-censorship: A perspective from Ethiopia. <span class="font6">Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture</span><span class="font5"> 7(2), pp. 98-121.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 27;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2010</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2010) How reliable are journalists in exile? <span class="font6">British Journalism Review</span><span class="font5"> 21(3), pp. 46-52.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 28;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2009</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2009) A critical look at the digital diaspora: Perspectives from Ethiopia. In Kristin Skare Orgeret and Helge Rønning (eds.), <span class="font6">The power of communication. Changes and challenges in African media</span><span class="font5">, pp. 311-347. Oslo: Unipub. ISBN 978-82-7477-454-4.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 29;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2009</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Lodamo, Berhanu and Terje Skjerdal (2009) Freebies and brown envelopes in Ethiopian journalism. <span class="font6">Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies</span><span class="font5"> 30(2), pp. 134-154.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 30;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2009</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2009) Between journalism universals and cultural particulars: Challenges facing the development of a journalism programme in an East African context. <span class="font6">Journal of African Media Studies</span><span class="font5"> 1(1), pp. 23-34.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 31;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2009</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje and Hallelujah Lule (2009) Uneven performances by the private press in Ethiopia: An analysis of 18 years of press freedom. <span class="font6">Journal of Communication and Language Arts</span><span class="font5"> 3(1), pp. 44-59.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 32;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2008</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2008) Self-censorship among news journalists in the Ethiopian state media. <span class="font6">African Communication Research</span><span class="font5"> 1(2), pp. 185-206.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 33;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2008</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2008) New media and new editorial challenges: Lessons from Norway. <span class="font6">Informacijos Mokslai</span><span class="font5"> 47, pp. 66-77.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 34;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2008</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Menbere, Gulilat and Terje Skjerdal (2008) The potential of Dagu communication in north-eastern Ethiopia. <span class="font6">Media Development</span><span class="font5"> 55(1), pp. 19-21.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 35;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2007</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje and Charles Muiru Ngugi (2007) Institutional and governmental challenges for journalism education in East Africa. <span class="font6">Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies</span><span class="font5"> 28(1-2), pp. 176–190.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 36;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2000</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2000) Bill on demand: South African newspapers fighting the abortion issue 1995-96. <span class="font6">Ecquid Novi</span><span class="font5"> 21(1), pp. 62-81.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-height-source: userset; height: 99.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 37; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td class="xl68" style="height: 99.95pt; width: 60pt;" width="80" height="133"> <p>2000</p> <p> </p> </td> <td class="xl66" style="width: 425pt;" width="567"> <p>Skjerdal, Terje (2000) Mapping the gap: Finding a raison d’être in South Africa’s TRC’s media hearings. <span class="font6">Ecquid Novi</span><span class="font5"> 21(2), pp. 175-189.</span></p> <p> </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p> </p> Utdanning Oppdater utdanning <p>1992: Diploma in Journalism, Gimlekollen School of Journalism and Communication, Kristiansand, Norway</p> <p>1994: BA in General Communication, Northwestern College, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA</p> <p>2001: MA in Cultural and Media Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa</p> <p>2013: PhD in Media Studies and Journalism, University of Oslo, Norway</p> Undervisning Oppdater undervisning <p> </p> <p>Global journalistikk</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>MA in Global Journalism, NLA University College:</strong></p> <p>Journalism, Media and Globalization</p> <p>Journalism, Democracy and Development</p> <p>Nordic Media</p> <p>Global Media Ethics</p> <p>Research Methodology</p> <p>Thesis Preparation Seminar</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>MA in Journalism and Media Studies, Uganda Christian University:</strong></p> <p>Journalism and Media Theory</p> <p>Journalism and Media Ethics</p> <p>MA Thesis Seminar</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>PhD in Media and Communication, Addis Ababa University:</strong></p> <p>Political Economy of the Media Industries</p> <p> </p> Formidling Oppdater formidling Prosjekter Oppdater prosjekter <p>2013-18: Project coordinator for Norwegian partner, NORHED project with Uganda Christian University and University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa</p> <p>2017-21: Project coordinator, NORPART project with Addis Ababa University and Bahir Dar University, both Ethiopia</p> <p> </p>